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| Sulfuric Acid |
Freezing points, H2SO4
Ref. Gable, Betz and Maron, J.A.C.S., 72, 1445-1448 (1950) |
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Boiling points, H2SO4
Ref. Chemical Engineers Handbook, McGraw-Hill |
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Viscosity, H2SO4
Ref.
(1) Bright, et al. J. Soc. of Chem. Ind. 65, 385 (1946)
(2) I.C.T., Vol. 5, 11-13, McGraw-Hill Book Co., N.Y. (1929)
(3) Z. Physick, Chem. Neue Folge, 3, 52-64 (1955) |
|
Heat of dilution, H2SO4
with H2O liquid
Ref. N.B.S., Selected Values of Chemical Thermodynamic Properties,
Series 1, Table 14-7 (1952) |
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Enthalpy SO3-H2O
system
 |
Example:
When 66° Bé acid at 75°F is diluted to 60° Bé
with water at 60°F, the resultant temperature of the 60° Bé
acid is 233°F, and 75 Btu per lb of 60° Bé acid [(-31)-(-106)=75]
must be removed to cool it to 75°F.
Basis: H-O for H2O (LIQ.) &
H2SO4 (LIQ.) at 32°F.
Ref.
(1) Ross, Chem. Eng. Prog. 48, 314 (1952)
(2) Miles et al, Trans. Faraday Soc. 40, 218 (1944)
(3) Morgen, Ind. Eng. Chem. 34, 571 (1942)
(4) Broughton, Chem. and Met. 52, No. 4, 123 (1945) |
| |
Unlined steel corrosion by sulfuric acid
Corrosion of Steel Flange Quality by Sulfuric Acid
50° Bé to 100% H2SO4
Temp. 80° to 150°F
Flange Quality Specifications
Carbon - 0.25% Max.
Manganese - 0.30-0.60%
Phosphorus - 0.05% Max.
Sulfur - 0.05% Max. |
| |
Typical dilutions, H2SO4
with water both at 80°F
|
| Initial strength |
Final strength |
Specific gravity
(60°/60°F) |
Final temperature
(°F) |
Heat to be removed in cooling
(Btu per lb diluted acid) |
| Degrees Baumé |
Percent |
Final temperature |
| 80°F |
110°F |
140°F |
| 66° Bé |
60° |
77.67 |
1.7059 |
244 |
79.1 |
64.5 |
51.8 |
| 55° |
69.65 |
1.6111 |
266 |
94.0 |
80.0 |
65.4 |
| 50° |
62.18 |
1.5263 |
268 |
101.3 |
85.3 |
70.0 |
| 45° |
55.07 |
1.4500 |
255 |
101.5 |
84.3 |
67.7 |
| 40° |
48.10 |
1.3810 |
234 |
97.9 |
81.0 |
61.2 |
| 35° |
41.27 |
1.3182 |
213 |
90.5 |
70.5 |
49.5 |
| 30° |
34.36 |
1.2609 |
190 |
81.2 |
59.2 |
37.5 |
| 98% |
' 98%
66° |
93.19 |
1.8354 |
180 |
40 |
28.5 |
19.0 |
| 60° |
77.67 |
1.7059 |
310 |
112.5 |
97.5 |
84.0 |
| 55° |
69.65 |
1.6111 |
322 |
124.5 |
109.2 |
94.5 |
| 50° |
62.18 |
1.5263 |
287 (boils) |
112.5 |
96.4 |
81.5 |
| Specific gravity, boiling
points, freezing points, sulfuric acid |
Degrees
Baumé |
Specific
gravity
60°/60°F |
Percent
sulfuric
acid H2SO4 |
Weight of 1
gal. in lbs. av. |
Normal boiling
point °F |
Freezing
(melting) point
°F |
| 0 |
1.0000 |
0.00 |
8.337 |
212.0 |
32.0 |
| 1 |
1.0069 |
1.02 |
8.395 |
212.2 |
31.3 |
| 2 |
1.0140 |
2.08 |
8.454 |
212.5 |
30.5 |
| 3 |
1.0211 |
3.13 |
8.513 |
212.8 |
29.7 |
| 4 |
1.0284 |
4.21 |
8.574 |
213.1 |
28.9 |
| 5 |
1.0357 |
5.28 |
8.635 |
213.4 |
28.0 |
| 6 |
1.0432 |
6.37 |
8.697 |
213.7 |
27.0 |
| 7 |
1.0507 |
7.45 |
8.760 |
214.0 |
25.8 |
| 8 |
1.0584 |
8.55 |
8.824 |
214.3 |
24.6 |
| 9 |
1.0662 |
9.66 |
8.889 |
214.7 |
23.5 |
| 10 |
1.0741 |
10.77 |
8.955 |
215.1 |
22.3 |
| 11 |
1.0821 |
11.89 |
9.021 |
215.5 |
21.0 |
| 12 |
1.0902 |
13.01 |
9.089 |
215.9 |
19.4 |
| 13 |
1.0985 |
14.13 |
9.158 |
216.3 |
17.7 |
| 14 |
1.1069 |
15.25 |
9.228 |
216.8 |
16.3 |
| 15 |
1.1154 |
16.38 |
9.299 |
217.3 |
14.0 |
| 16 |
1.1240 |
17.53 |
9.371 |
217.8 |
12.0 |
| 17 |
1.1328 |
18.71 |
9.444 |
218.4 |
9.9 |
| 18 |
1.1417 |
19.89 |
9.518 |
219.0 |
7.5 |
| 19 |
1.1508 |
21.07 |
9.594 |
219.7 |
4.4 |
| 20 |
1.1600 |
22.25 |
9.671 |
220.4 |
+1.0 |
| 21 |
1.1694 |
23.43 |
9.750 |
221.1 |
-2.5 |
| 22 |
1.1789 |
24.61 |
9.828 |
221.8 |
-6.5 |
| 23 |
1.1885 |
25.81 |
9.909 |
222.5 |
-11.1 |
| 24 |
1.1983 |
27.03 |
9.90 |
223.3 |
-16.0 |
| 25 |
1.2083 |
28.28 |
10.074 |
224.2 |
-21.9 |
| 26 |
1.2185 |
29.53 |
10.159 |
225.2 |
-28.0 |
| 27 |
1.2288 |
30.79 |
10.246 |
226.3 |
-35.6 |
| 28 |
1.2393 |
32.05 |
10.332 |
227.4 |
-44.3 |
| 29 |
1.2500 |
33.33 |
10.421 |
228.6 |
-55.3 |
| 30 |
1.2609 |
34.63 |
10.512 |
230.0 |
-69.5 |
| 31 |
1.2719 |
35.93 |
10.604 |
231.6 |
-78.7 |
| 32 |
1.2832 |
37.26 |
10.698 |
233.2 |
-75.2 |
| 33 |
1.2946 |
38.58 |
10.793 |
234.8 |
-72.0 |
| 34 |
1.3063 |
39.92 |
10.891 |
236.5 |
-69.3 |
| 35 |
1.3182 |
41.27 |
10.990 |
238.3 |
-66.5 |
| 36 |
1.3303 |
42.63 |
11.091 |
240.3 |
-44.5 |
| 37 |
1.3426 |
43.99 |
11.193 |
242.4 |
-57.0 |
| 38 |
1.3551 |
45.35 |
11.297 |
244.7 |
-50.6 |
| 39 |
1.3679 |
46.72 |
11.404 |
247.4 |
-44.0 |
| 40 |
1.3810 |
48.10 |
11.513 |
250.1 |
-38.2 |
| 41 |
1.3942 |
49.47 |
11.623 |
253.0 |
-33.0 |
| 42 |
1.4078 |
50.87 |
11.737 |
256.2 |
-28.6 |
| 43 |
1.4216 |
52.26 |
11.852 |
259.6 |
-25.5 |
| 44 |
1.4356 |
53.66 |
11.969 |
263.4 |
-22.8 |
| 45 |
1.4500 |
55.07 |
12.089 |
267.4 |
-20.9 |
| 46 |
1.4646 |
56.48 |
12.210 |
271.6 |
-19.3 |
| 47 |
1.4796 |
57.90 |
12.335 |
276.4 |
-19.1 |
| 48 |
1.4948 |
59.32 |
12.462 |
281.2 |
-19.8 |
| 49 |
1.5104 |
60.75 |
12.592 |
286.5 |
-22.0 |
| 50 |
1.5263 |
62.18 |
12.725 |
292.0 |
-25.4 |
| 51 |
1.5426 |
63.66 |
12.861 |
298.0 |
-29.6 |
| 52 |
1.5591 |
65.13 |
12.998 |
304.0 |
-34.2 |
| 53 |
1.5761 |
66.63 |
13.140 |
311.0 |
-36.0 |
| 54 |
1.5934 |
68.13 |
13.284 |
318.5 |
-39.5 |
| 55 |
1.6111 |
69.65 |
13.432 |
326.5 |
-45.0 |
| 56 |
1.6292 |
71.17 |
13.583 |
335.0 |
-40.8 |
| 57 |
1.6477 |
72.75 |
13.737 |
345.3 |
-39.4 |
| 58 |
1.6667 |
74.36 |
13.895 |
355.5 |
-28.4 |
| 59 |
1.6860 |
75.99 |
14.056 |
367.4 |
-9.0 |
| 60 |
1.7059 |
77.67 |
14.222 |
379.5 |
+11.5 |
| 61 |
1.7262 |
79.43 |
14.391 |
393.0 |
29.3 |
| 62 |
1.7470 |
81.30 |
14.565 |
407.5 |
39.5 |
| 63 |
1.7683 |
83.34 |
14.742 |
425.8 |
45.6 |
| 64 |
1.7901 |
85.66 |
14.924 |
447.2 |
44.8 |
| 64 1/4 |
1.7957 |
86.33 |
14.971 |
453.5 |
42.9 |
| 64 1/2 |
1.8012 |
87.04 |
15.017 |
460.5 |
40.0 |
| 64 3/4 |
1.8068 |
87.81 |
15.063 |
468.3 |
36.0 |
| 65 |
1.8125 |
88.65 |
15.111 |
477 |
31.2 |
| 65 1/4 |
1.8182 |
89.55 |
15.158 |
486 |
24.5 |
| 65 1/2 |
1.8239 |
90.60 |
15.206 |
498 |
15.0 |
| 65 3/4 |
1.8297 |
91.80 |
15.254 |
515 |
+2.5 |
| 66 |
1.8354 |
93.19 |
15.302 |
535 |
-21.0 |
| |
1.8373 |
93.77 |
15.318 |
545 |
-30.8 |
| |
1.8381 |
94.00 |
15.324 |
548 |
-28.0 |
| |
1.8407 |
95.00 |
15.346 |
566 |
-8.0 |
| |
1.8427 |
96.00 |
15.363 |
586 |
+7.0 |
| |
1.8437 |
97.00 |
15.371 |
606 |
19.5 |
| |
1.8437 |
98.00 |
15.371 |
621 |
30.0 |
| |
1.8424 |
99.00 |
15.360 |
590 |
41.0 |
| |
1.8391 |
100.00 |
15.333 |
526 |
51.7 |
Baumé = 145 - (145/sp.gr.)
Note: Data shown in tables compiled from various sources including:
- Manufacturing Chemists Association, Manual Sheets T-7 (1904) and
T-7A (1938).
- Gable, Betz and Maron, J.A.C.S., 72, 1445-1448 (1950).
- Engineering Department, General Chemical Division, Allied
Chemical Corporation.
|
|
|
Allowance for Temperature |
| At 10° Bé, 0.029° |
Bé or 0.00023 sp.gr. = 1°F |
| At 20° Bé, 0.036° |
Bé or 0.00034 sp.gr. = 1°F |
| At 30° Bé, 0.035° |
Bé or 0.00039 sp.gr. = 1°F |
| At 40° Bé, 0.031° |
Bé or 0.00041 sp.gr. = 1°F |
| At 50° Bé, 0.028° |
Bé or 0.00045 sp.gr. = 1°F |
| At 60° Bé, 0.026° |
Bé or 0.00053 sp.gr. = 1°F |
| At 66° Bé, 0.0235° |
Bé or 0.00054 sp.gr. = 1°F |
Note: Since sulfuric acid above 93% may have same specific gravity
at different concentrations, a direct analysis of acid strength
is recommended.
At 94% 0.00054 sp.gr. = 1°F
At 96% 0.00053 sp.gr. = 1°F
At 97.5% 0.00052 sp.gr. = 1°F
At 100% 0.00052 sp.gr. = 1°F |
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